2008年CPA第二讲　存　货（会计英语）

授课内容和教学目标：
　　本专题主要讲授与存货有关的英文术语，如期初和期末的存货的表达方式，以及不同的企业中的各种存货形式。其次，通过该专题的学习，使学生掌握对有关存货在买入时和卖出时的价值计量这一类英文题目的理解和解答，及与期末存货有关的会计处理方式的英文会计分录。
　　1.Inventory n. 存货，库存（c.f.stock英式英语用法）
　　常见词组 inventory turnover 存货周转率 inventory control 存货控制
　　beginning inventory初始存货 ending inventory 期末存货
　　take a physical inventory 盘库
　　常见的存货形式：

Type of business	Type of inventory
Merchandising company	Merchandise inventory 商品存货
Manufacturing company	Raw materials 原材料
	Work in process（WIP）（处在生产过程中的）在制品，半成品
	Finished goods成品

　　2.Inventory valuation存货的价值计量
　　cost n. 成本，费用
　　direct costs 直接成本 indirect costs 间接成本　fixed costs 固定成本 cost accounting 成本会计
　　v. 花费
　　e.g. The office furniture of our company costs us $5,000.
　　unit cost 单个成本 total cost 总成本
 

　　cost of sales （COS） = cost of goods sold（CGS）销货成本
　　sales revenue 销售收入 这两个词经常被放在一起做计算
 

　　Lecture examples:
　　①A company sold 15 computers for US$1000 each.
　　某公司以1000美元一台的价格售出电脑共15台。
　　Sales revenue: US$1,000×15 = US$15,000

　　②A company sold 15 computers costing US$800 each for total US$15,000.
　　某公司销售出电脑15台，每台成本为800美元，共收入15,000美元。
　　cost of sales: US$800×15 = US$12,000
　　Dr.bank deposit　　　　　15,000　　　　　借：银行存款　　　　　15,000
　　　　Cr.sales revenue　　 　　15,000　　　　　贷：主营业务收入　　　15,000
　　Dr.cost of sales　　　　　12,000　　　　 借：主营业务成本　　　12,000
　　　 Cr.inventory--computer　　12,000　　　　　贷：库存商品—电脑　　12,000

　　3.初始成本计量
　　The inventory should be measured at cost. Cost includes the following:
　　采购成本purchase（price） 运费freight 存储storing cost
　　保险费insurance 税费tax 装卸费 loading and unloading cost
　　e.g.During July, 2007, the company purchased 200 sets of sunshine brand printers at the price RMB￥410 each. RMB￥300 of freight were also paid.
　　Dr. printer　　　　　　　82,300
　　　　Cr. bank deposit　　 　　82,300
　　借：固定资产—打印机　　　82300
　　　　贷：银行存款　　　　　　　82300
　　4.发出存货的成本计量
　　Specific identification 个别计价法
　　unit cost × no. of unit = total cost
　　Weighted average 加权平均法

	unit	Unit cost （$）	Total cost （$）	Unit sold
Beginning inventory, May 1	500	10.00	5,000	any 1000 units among 1800
Purchase, May 7	800	10.50	8,400
Purchase, May 20	300	11.00	3,300
Purchase, May 26	200	11.20	2,240
Goods available for sale	1800	18,940÷1800 ≈10.52 ②	18,940 ①
Cost of goods sold	1000	10.52	10.52×1,000=10,520
Ending inventory, May 30	800		18,940－10,520 = 8,420

　　Moving average 移动平均法
　　First-in, First-out （FIFO） 先进先出法

	unit	Unit cost（$）	Total cost（$）	Unit sold
Beginning inventory, May 1	500	10.00	5,000	500
Purchase, May 7	800	10.50	8,400	800
Purchase, May 20	300	11.00	3,300	200 out of 300
Purchase, May 26	200	11.20	2,240
Goods available for sale	1800		18,940	First 1500 units
Cost of goods sold	1500		（500×$10.00）+（800×$10.50）+ （200×$11.00）=15,600
Ending inventory, May 30	300		18,940－15,600=3,340

　　5.期末存货的计量 ending inventory
　　Lower of cost or market rule （LCM rule） 成本与市场孰低法
　　Cost 成本 market value （fair value） 公允价值 carrying value账面成本
　　net realizable value可变现净值＝estimated sale price估计售价－related costs and tax估计销售费用和税金
　　* contract price合同价格 sales price销售价格
　　存货跌价准备的计提
　　Dr. management cost—Dr. management cost-loss on market price decline of inventories　　资产减值损失
　　　　Cr. reserve for market price decline of inventories　　 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　存货跌价准备
　　Lecture example:
　　If the original cost of the inventory held by ABC company was US$2,000, and its estimated total sale price would be $2,100 and other expense for the sales would be $200.
　　The net realizable value for those inventory: US$1,900=$2,100-$200
　　Dr. management cost-loss on market price decline of inventories　　　100
　　　　Cr. reserve for market price decline of inventories　　　　　　　　　　100

　　Lecture examples：
　　At the beginning of the year, Linda company held 1500 desk lamps costing RMB￥50.00 each. During the year it purchased an additional 500 lamps for RMB￥55.00 each. The company sold 1800 units.
　　You are required to compute the cost of goods sold and ending inventory and make the necessary journal entry for the business assuming FIFO method are use.
　　By the end of the year, it was reported that the market price of this type of lamp has declined to RMB￥52.00 each. You are also required to prepare the necessary journal entry on December 31 for the company.

　　①inventory purchase
　　Dr：inventory　　　　　　　27500
　　　　Cr：bank deposit　　　 　　27500（500*55）
　　②inventory sales （FIFO method will be used to calculate the CGS）
　　cost of goods sold（CGS）=1500*50+300*55=91500
　　ending inventory=1500*50+500*55-91500=11000
　　Dr：bank deposit　　　　　　　***
　　　　Cr.sales revenue　　　　　　　***
　　Dr：cost of sales　　　　　　91500
　　　　Cr. inventory--desk lamp　　　91500
　　③reserve for market price decline of inventories
　　net realizable value=200*52=10400
　　Dr: management cost-loss on market price decline of inventorie　　600（11000-10400）
　　　　Cr. reserve for market price decline of inventories　　　　　　　　600